Learning Academy OF Management Education -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Learning Academy OF Management Education? Answer: Introducation Globalization and education has made the world an extremely small place whereby the different cultures tend to mingle with one another. Students attending universities and expats going to other countries to settle have increased the importance of understanding the other cultures. Hence, the cultural capability of a person is extremely important o make him survive. The given report throws light on the application of cultural capabilities in various situations. Cultural capabilities refer to the capability of a person whereby he is able to adjust to the changing cultural aspects of different situations (Van Dyne, Ang Tan, 2017). A safe space can be described as an environment whereby the people are emotionally safe and away from any harm. The report aims to understand the concept of cultural capability with the help of an example. It will analyze a conversation in a video and discuss the possibilities and methods of cultural awareness. It will analyze the scenario shown in the given scene and thereby make statements and relate the theories discussed in the course. The report will focus on the selected video from the TV Series Friends, discussing the scene from Season 4 where Rachel goes in for a higher post interview (Ang Van Dyne, 2015). The given example depicts an unsafe space as the interviewer was exposed to mental harm. Summary of the Video Clip The summary clip which was chosen for this assignment was that of the classic TV show Friends. The show portrayed the life of 6 friends living in the city of New York and going through various problems relating to different aspects of life (Erez et al., 2013). The chosen clip is based on the Season 4, Episode 9 titled the one where they go to a party. Rachel, one of the characters in the clip, gets a chance to gain a promotion at her workplace and hence the scene is one of an interview round. Her Boss, Joanna does not want to lose a talented assistant like her and therefore she makes the interview an unsafe space for Rachel and sabotages her image in front of the Interview panel. The season released in 1997. The second half of the video reflects that Rachel is visibly upset and her Boss later tries to make it u to her by creating a space for her in the organization. Five primary characters have been shown in the season, Rachel, Joanna the boss, the interview panel which comprised of two people and assistant of Joanna, Sophie (Youtube.com.2018). Observations It can be seen from the given seen that Rachel is here for an interview for a higher posting and the environment is that of a conference room. Hence, she is bound to be nervous. She had expected that her boss Joanna, would be supportive of her but unfortunately, Joanna had her own reasons and tarnished Rachel`s image in front of the panel (Chen Lin, 2013). This added to the stress on Rachel and the environment of the conference room became more unsafe for the candidate. Except Rachel, all other characters were in a high post and will more incline to the comments of Joanna. When Rachel observed the change in the attitude of Joanna she became increasingly nervous and could not respond well to the questions of the panel. It seemed as if she was completely excluded from the conversation. In the latter half of the video, she expressed this to her boss who later tried to make it up for her. Rachel failed to show cultural intelligence in this case as she was unable to give a quick response to her bosss sabotages. Analysis The scene can be divided into two parts. In the first part Rachel is in a stressful situation in front of the Panel where her boss changes sides to keep her. In this scenario, Rachel is in an extremely disappointing place and it does not get her a job (Mor, Morris Joh, 2013). The second scene sees Rachel in a dominating position whereby her boss is anxious to keep her and reflects cultural intelligence by making Rachel calm and providing her with whatever she wanted in order to retain her in the organization (Appadurai, 2013). Communication In the beginning of the scene, Rachel is seated in front of the panel and her interview begins. Her interview begins on a good note but is soon going downhill because her boss began to tarnish her image in front of the other panelists and started sabotaging her image. She begins speaking how inefficient Rachel was. This put Rachel in a compromising situation whereby she was unable to communicate well with the panelists. She was unable to discuss her side well. Just like Russell (2011), stated in his paper that the environment became very unsafe for her well being and she was in a shock. She could not adjust to the environment as she was being emotionally tortured. Cultural Shock Rachel was in a state of cultural shock as she had been expecting different behaviour from her boss than the one she was receiving. Being a good assistant, she was expecting that her boss would praise her and support her in the panel interview, but she spoke against her and portrayed her as an incapable assistant. This change in the culture and behaviour of the boss was the reason Rachel was taken back. According to Quappe and Cantatore (2005), cultural shock occurs when a person is overwhelmed in a situation which is quite different from the one the person is used to and he or she tends not to take any concrete action just like in the given scene. Change in Dynamics When Rachel later confronted her boss, she stated that this was her intentional movie to retain her. This made her extremely angry and she threatened to reign. This caused a shift in the culture of the situation whereby Joanna understood that Rachel was in a weak state of mind and would have taken a concrete decision and left the organization. She maintained a clear eye contact with Rachel and spoke to her in a calm voice which then portrayed high level of cultural intelligence on the side of the boss. She understood that such a situation was never faced by Rachel earlier n that she was to be made to understand that she was not at loss. This proves to be an excellent example of what Brislin, Worthley Macnab (2006), said that a culturally intelligent person adjusts to the surroundings fast and takes the situation to their advantage. Body Language In the beginning of the clip, the body language of Joanna was very defensive and confident. She was in a dominating position and this reflected in her behaviour of tarnishing the image of Rachel. In the same situation the body language of Rachel was extremely nervous and shocked. In the next act where the panelists rejected Rachel, and she figured out that Joanna tried to sabotage her image, Rachels body language reflects that of a confident being who would stand for the right. On the other hand, Joanna becomes the weaker unit then and would go to any extent to persuade Rachel to stay with her Bruhn (2005), mentioned in his paper that body language plays a key role in determining the well being of a person and their emotional state. Cultural awareness Being in the industry for a long time, Joanna, Rachel`s boss understood what it was to have a professional assistant. She was aware and understood what the panel was looking out for and hence, to keep Rachel to herself, she said all the things opposite to what the panelists were looking out for. She proclaimed that Rachel was an Alcoholic and irresponsible girl who had just basic duties. According to Holley and Steiner (2005), this is a case of acute cultural awareness as Joanna knew what points would have made the panelists doubtful about Rachel and she did exactly those things. She applied her knowledge of awareness of different cultures and scenarios to twist the scenario into her favor. Recommendations From the analysis performed it could be stated that the scene was one of unsafe place. Rachel was subject to emotional and mental distress. As this is the case of an interview, she was not expected to be comfortable but in the same way she did not need to undergo the torture she did due to Joanna. Joannas behaviour portrayed disrespect towards Rachel and her capabilities which angered Rachel. Hence, the situation might have changed if Rachel may have applied cultural capabilities in the sense, if she would have been able to sense what Joanna was trying to do in the very first instance, Rachel would have reflected cultural intelligence and overcome the nasty scenario. She could have taken the necessary actions Therefore understanding of the mindset of the other person is an important aspect of cultural capability as it helps to bring the situation in one`s favor. Conclusion Therefore it can be stated that safe spacing play a major role in determining the mental balance of a person. Safe space helps a person to feel valued and the environment in the organization is a positive one. In the given clip there existed an absence of the safe place as Rachel was made to feel like a smaller person and this brought down her morale. The latter half of the scene reflects Joanna`s behaviour reflects cultural intelligence whereby she calms Rachel down and makes her stay in the organization. References Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. (2015).Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Appadurai, A. (2013). The future as cultural fact.Essays on the Global Condition. London and New York: Verso. Brislin, R., Worthley, R., Macnab, B. (2006). Cultural intelligence: Understanding behaviors that serve peoples goals.Group Organization Management,31(1), 40-55. Bruhn, J. G. (2005). Culture-brain interactions.Integrative Physiological Behavioral Science,40(4), 243-254. Chen, M. L., Lin, C. P. (2013). Assessing the Effects of Cultural Intelligence on Team Knowledge Sharing From a Socio?Cognitive Perspective.Human Resource Management,52(5), 675-695. Erez, M., Lisak, A., Harush, R., Glikson, E., Nouri, R., Shokef, E. (2013). Going global: Developing management students' cultural intelligence and global identity in culturally diverse virtual teams.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), 330-355. Holley, L. C., Steiner, S. (2005). Safe space: Student perspectives on classroom environment.Journal of Social Work Education,41(1), 49-64. Mor, S., Morris, M. W., Joh, J. (2013). Identifying and training adaptive cross-cultural management skills: The crucial role of cultural metacognition.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), 453-475. Quappe, S., Cantatore, G. (2005). What is cultural awareness, anyway? How do I build it.Retrieved July,17, 2008. Russell, K. M. (2011). Growing up a third culture kid: A sociological self-exploration.Human Architecture,9(1), 29. Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Tan, M. L. (2017).Cultural intelligence. Oxford University Press. Youtube.com. (2018).The One Where Rachel's Boss Doesn't Want to Lose Her - Friends Season 4.YouTube. Retrieved 19 February 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuyGLDvve-A

Getting through the final year in college

Getting through the final year in college How in the world three years have passed so fast? It seems that just yesterday I was running around campus with the mask of bewilderment and confusion on my face looking for a right classroom. It is unbelievable how quickly the time flows by but what is more unbelievable is this stack of assignments on my desk that needs to be done. Graduating tests, the research work, uncertainty in the future and blurry understanding of where the life is going add some fuel to the fire as well. It doesn’t matter whether you’ve spend three years in a library studying or by a bar counter – we all have tons of work to be done. The main trick is not to panic and set the mind to the right point. However, that’s not so easy to do as to say. Check out some of the most effective tips to set your mind on work and cope with the final push. Bury your face in the book Facebook or face in the book – that is the question. Hamlet couldn’t even imagine that this question may occur in the twenty first century. Still, if you do not cut on using Facebook and browsing memes every 10 minutes there’s a great chance that you can turn into poor Yorick buried under the tones of uncompleted work. I don’t mean shutting down on Facebook completely. Try to find some balance between the work and free time. If it’s hard to accomplish – set the priority: useless memes and the sleepless night or a good mark and a healthy sleep? You are the one to decide but I think the choice is obvious. If you feel that you are dependent on social websites, at least find some motivating Facebook accounts, such as: graduating blogs, internship offers of foreign exchanges groups – something that will remind you that there are other great students around you and you have to compete for the job offers. So close the Internet and go to the l ibrary (well, right after you finish this article). The Grasshopper and the Ant You will never be younger than you are now – it’s true. College years are the best ones: full of events, parties, fun and awkward situations. Yet there comes time when you should move the fun stuff to the background. Try your best to plan your week and give yourself some time to have a glass in the bar once in a while. Just remember that this time the rate is high. So when the next time you go to the bar at the middle of the week, ask yourself, does this onion is worth peeling? Your productivity won’t be high enough in the morning, when you are suffering through the hangover. Relaxation is a part of boosting the productivity but try to find the appropriate time for that. Do not forget what happened to Grasshopper in the fable. Do not Procrastinate Procrastination is carved on most of the students foreheads. It’s a kind of a distinguishing student feature. The experience of managing the work comes with time. Now, here’s the breaking news: the time has come. By the end of the college managing work and planning the time has to be one of the most useful knowledge you could’ve obtained in the Alma Mater. Frankly, I also practice once in a while sleepless nights, working on a project surrounded by cups of coffee. Though, if you want to turn in a great assignment on time, think of planning the work ahead. A crumpled paper full of mistakes and overworked ideas won’t lead you to a successful final year in college.

The Falklands War Essays

The Falklands War Essays The Falklands War Essay The Falklands War Essay I am going to choose to do the Falklands War, which started in April1982. The Falkland Islands are situated just off the east coast of Argentina in South America. The cause of the war was when the Argentine Junta invaded the island encountering little or no resistance from people living on the islands. They did this while the British and Argentineans where still in peace negotiations about who owned the islands. After this Britain sent over a task force consisting on planes, ships and men to take back the islands and did successfully and were victorious by 15th June the same year when the Argentine forces surrendered to the British command. The Jus In Bello issues One of the conditions of a just war is proportionality, which in this conflict has not been kept to because during the bombing of Port Stanley the British Harrier Jets used cluster bombs. These bombs annihilate anything over a greater distance than a normal bomb because lots of little bombs break off and all go in different directions increasing the surface area of which the bomb affects. Some people would say is disproportionate because it may spread and get a civilian building as well as a military target. Also these bombs were far more powerful than any thing the opposing Argentines had to offer and because a less powerful bomb would have been more proportionate and would have still done the job. Also the British used phosphorous munitions, which are poisonous. This is disproportionate because it may cause a painful death, which is not usually caused by a normal bullet. The Argentines had lots of Napalm bombs; these are bombs that create fires causes a large area to be totally burned and destroyed which is disproportionate because it inflames a massive area when it may be disproportionate compared to the size of the military target which could be a lot smaller. Also in war the countries have to keep to targeting military targets and not civilian buildings and that only military people be involved and not civilians in the fighting. In the Falklands War this was kept very well with only three civilian deaths during the whole conflict. This is good because it means that the accuracy of any bombs dropped on the Falkland Islands was on target or very close to the target because there would have been a considerable amount of more deaths if the accuracy were bad. Another reason that this war was fought under the right conditions was because the prisoners taken on each side were kept and treated very well. One incident however that happened at Goose Green went against the conditions of war. Some Argentine forces were fighting and raised a white flag to surrender. Subaltern Jim Barry moved towards the Argentine troops in order to take them as prisoners. As he moved though he was shot and was instantly killed by an Argentine soldier. Although this thought to have been a mistake rather than a meaningful act it angered the British troops who immediately launched 66mm rockets and aimed concentrated machine gun fire at the building. The building was set ablaze and no survivors emerged. This action is very disproportionate as it is killing many Argentiness to retaliate for the death of one British soldier. The Falklands war did nonetheless prove that in this modern era there could be such a thing as a just war because the modern weaponry can be proportionate. Jus ad Bellum issues There was a just cause for war because when Argentina took over the islands it was because Britain gave up any land in South America or the islands near it to some Spanish Colonists and the Argentines claimed they were the successors to the Spanish colonists. However Britains claims was that they had never fully given up interest in the Falklands Islands and after Spain quit the islands in 1811, and Argentina took control until 1933 when they were evicted from the islands by an American warship after a dispute between them. After this Britain became the owners of the Islands again until Argentina invaded. It was a just cause to go to war because Britains islands were attacked without reason and they are doing so in self-defence of their islands. It could said however, that Britain did not feel under any immediate pressure by the invasion of the islands because they are so far away from Britain. Another condition is that there must be a reasonable chance of success which, from Argentinas sided was kept because they were right next to the Falklands Islands and as Britain is such a long way away they did not think that Britain would bother to reclaim the islands. Whereas on the British side that sent a task force against an unknown opposition because they did not know how many troops, planes or ships the Argentines had and so they did not know there probability of success. Also was war the last resort? -In this case it wasnt as Argentina invaded while the talks were still ongoing between the two governments. However Argentina had between debating for 150 years for the return for the islands and had been in negotiations with Britain for the last few years. Another condition in war is proportionality. Was it kept in a war in which 1000 men were sent to enable 1800 half citizens to give them a choice of government? Many people do not think so. However is it not right to protect your citizens if they belong to you despite them being thousands of miles away from the British homeland? Argentina did have a right to own the Falklands Islands but not the right to go to war with Britain because the British had not committed a fault to Argentina to have a just cause for going to war. Britain did have a right to go to war in self-defence but did the war bring less suffering to the islands than the war itself would cause. From a pacifists of principle point of view it would not be a just reason to go to war as the British government did not try and make war a last resort even thought they were attacked. From a selective objectors point of view they would agree with the war, as it is an act of self-defence but could not justify the moral issues of the war.

CSR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CSR - Essay Example 16-22). It is highly important for an organization maintain strong relationship with, customers, business clients, employees and several external stakeholders. Effective business operation sustainability and CSR activities can help an organization to maintain strong relationship with the stakeholders and several shareholders. The essay will support that the CSR reports of the organizations generally provide useful information on the environmental performance and corporate social performance by considering the example of Tesco Plc and several other firms by considering several accounting theories. Discussion Instrumental theories In this theory CSR is seen as a strategic tool so that it can achieve the economic activities of a company and can ultimately lead to wealth creation. According to the Friedman view, it is seen that the only responsibility of the business it has towards the society is maximisation of the profits of the shareholders while working within the legal and ethical f ramework of the company. This theory has long enjoyed the acceptance of the business across the world. Such concern for profits include taking into consideration the interest of all the stakeholders of an organisation. It is argued that in some conditions such satisfaction can increase the overall profit and hence result in maximising the shareholder value. It has been seen that there is a positive correlation between the social responsibility and the financial performance of the companies (Brennan and Merkl-Davies, 2013, pp. 109-132). Here there are three main groups of instrumental theories on the basis of the economic objective of the company. The first is the maximization of the shareholder value. The second is focusing on the strategic goal of achieving the competitive advantage. The third is the related to the cause-related marketing efforts of the company. British Petroleum understands this aspect much better. The policy statement of BP commits the company to its wide ranging business policies. The CSR report of the company illustrates way the company is meeting those commitments in a way which supports the profitability of the company. Hence by focussing on the Strong financial performance the company can invest the profits into their CSR activities (Deegan and Rankin, 1996, pp. 50-69). Political theories Political theory is an effective CSR accounting theory that used to focus on the interaction between the society and companies and their responsibilities towards the society. There are three divisions of this theory that are discussed below. Corporate Constitutionalism According to this concept the social responsibility of an organization generally arises depending upon the available social power of Organization. Coca Cola Company is one of the leading organizations. The organization implements several green strategies depending upon its social power. Effective water recycling strategy helps the organization to maintain is leading organization within global soft drink industry. Social Contract Theory Jean- Jacques Rousseau was the political economist who posited the social contract theory. According to him the individuals form a social contract with the state so that responsibility of citizens of the state is entrusted with the government. Thus the people are the source of the collective political sovereignty of the state. Thus the government was performing the functions of the common people after undergoing a

G-III Apparel Group Inc IPO Valuation Case Study

G-III Apparel Group Inc IPO Valuation - Case Study Example The growth looks impressive, but the firm should not expect that type of continuous growth since in the apparel industry prolonged above average growth is rare. The company operates in a fragmented industry, but its 10% market share is relative large which gives the firm a competitive advantage. The company is perfectly positioned to achieve further growth by utilizing an acquisitions strategy. A positive aspect of the IPO plans of the firm is that company plans on reducing its long term and short term obligations from $22.3 million to $6.4 million. This strategic move is very wise because the firm is reducing its fixed costs by lowering its total debt. The organization has a workforce composed of 235 employees. G-III generated in 1989 total sales of $98.78 million. A strategy that has helped the company generate revenues at different price points is the use of multiple brands. Three of the brands the firm owns are G-III, Siena, and Cayenne. 6. Who is Oppenheimer? What was the role o f Oppenheimer in the process? Was Oppenheimer’s role commensurate with its fees? Oppenheimer is the firm that handled the IPO. The person from Oppenheimer that was in charge of the IPO was Richard White. The IPO process began in September 1989 and it was completed three months later on December of 1989. The stock of G-III following the IPO was going to be traded in NASDAQ. The underwriter price obtained by Oppenheimer was $0.91per share. I believe the fees that Oppenheimer negotiated were reasonable. The $0.91 per share price was equivalent to a 7% commission. 7. Was $13 an appropriate price for G-III? What was the intrinsic value of a share of G-III? The intrinsic value of a stock can be defined as the actual value of the firm which may be different that the market value of the shares of a company. There are several metrics that can help an investor determine the intrinsic value of a company. The book value of G-III can be calculated by subtracting total debt from total asse ts (Little). Prior to the IPO the book value of the company was $18,923,000. The book value per share of the company was $4.07 (18923000 / 4644144). The market to book ratio assuming the $13 price is the market price was $3.19. The earnings per share of the firm in 1989 was $1.28. The price earnings ratio is calculated dividing the market price of the company by its EPS (Garrison & Noreen). Based on the $13 IPO price the price-earnings ratio of the company is $10.15. Due to the intrinsic value of the company I believe that the firm got a good deal by selling the stocks at $13, since this price is three times higher than the book value of the firm. 8. How would picking the wrong comparables influence estimates? Choosing the wrong comparable can distort the information which can lead to making bad decisions in regards to the valuation of G-III. One of the problems the company faced when it was choosing comparables was that most companies in this niche industry were not public which ma de it hard to find information regarding the industry financial performance norm. The problem with choosing wrong comparables is that it can undervalue or overvalue a firm. If the analysis undervalues the firm the company would be selling the stock at too cheap of a price. An overvaluation could hurt the company because investors might not be willing to buy at the high price which could lead to disastrous results in the IPO. 12. Did G-III display

Use of Ace Inhibitors for Treatment of Hypertension Essay Example for Free

Use of Ace Inhibitors for Treatment of Hypertension Essay The prevalence of hypertension globally has sparked much research on medications and ways to cure it. Although there are varieties of medications available in the market to control hypertension, there are still none that can actually cure it. Until the time a drug to cure hypertension emerges, hypertension will be controlled by the use of antihypertensive drugs. Among the few well known classes of antihypertensive drugs is a group of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors are a fairly recent addition to the antihypertensive drug class and have been widely used since then due to its many potential benefits. ACE inhibitors are indicated for many conditions which include hypertension, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders, and prevention of nephropathy in diabetes mellitus. When used in hypertension, it is done so in combination with diuretics with fairly good results. (Merck, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of ACE inhibitors is especially useful for congestive heart failure patients. Therefore, it is indicated in cases where hypertension exists in correlation with congestive heart failure. There has been a significant decrease in the overall morbidity and mortality rates of patients suffering from both the conditions when using ACE inhibitors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mode of action of these drugs is many fold, and for that reason very effective in the treatment of hypertension. For instance, it acts on the vascular system to reduce vascular pressure, which allows for less arterial pressure, combined with more venous capacity, thus immediately reducing the blood pressure. Alongside, it increases cardiac output and cardiac index and stroke volume. The main function of the ACE inhibitors, however, is the inhibition of the ACE enzyme, which is responsible for increased vascular pressure, ventricular remodeling, production of aldosterone and vasopressin respectively. (Katzung, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such drugs however, require careful dosage regimes based on extensive studying of the case, as there are many side effects associated with these drugs. The most common of these include hypotension, due to the vasodilator effect of the drugs.(Merck, 2003)   The second most common problem is the development of persistent cough in such patients, which leads to reduction in patient compliance. The bid and tid dosage regimes also reduce the patients’ compliance. Due to its renal effects, ACE inhibitors must be used carefully in cases where damage to the kidney is expected or the kidneys are functionally impaired. For example, in patients with renal artery stenosis, the use of these drugs can lead to renal impairment. The prevention of release of aldosterone caused by these drugs impairs excretion of potassium in the body, which can lead to hyperkalemia. Increased levels can also lead to the development of angioedema, which can be life threatening. ACE inhibitors are also contraindicated in patients who are pregnant as it is teratogenic in nature. (Kaplan and Rose, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the mode of activity of these drugs, the ACE inhibitors become contraindicated in cases of history of angioedemas or renal artery stenosis, compromised renal functioning capacities, aortic valve stenosis and in patients suffering from hypovolumia. (Klabunde, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many drugs now belong to this category, however, the paper will discuss three of these, captopril, enalapril and lisinopril.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Captopril main mode of action lies in the suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. By inhibiting the ACE inhibitor, angiotensin I is prevented from converting into angiotensin II.   Captopril enjoys universal attention due to the fact that it is the first ACE inhibitor introduced. Its mode of action and its effect were considered a breakthrough at the time of its conception. Its action is two fold. Firstly, it helps in dilating the vessels, thereby helping reduce blood pressure. Secondly, it has shown very good performance in the cases of myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. And thirdly, it has shown good results in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy. (www.rxlist.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is very little difference in the working of all the ACE drugs, however, captopril differs in this respect due to its shorter duration of action and increased chances of adverse effects.   This intensity of side effects potentiated further research, the result of which was the introduction of enalapril in the market, and still further drugs subsequently. Regardless of the drug, the ACE inhibitors generally take several weeks of administration to give full effectiveness and results. When used with thiazide diuretics, the results achieved are even more.(Merck, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Captopril is administered one hour before meals to achieve maximum peak volume concentration, which is reached within an hour of ingestion of drug. Initial dosage may be as low as 25 mg bid or tid, and gradually can be increased to double dose bid or tid. The addition of thiazide diuretics is usually carried out when using captopril alone at 50 mg alone does not sufficiently control blood pressure.(Katzung, 2004) This range can be increased to 150 mg per day, provided the use of a thiazide diuretic is also carried out. The administration of drug results in the lowering of blood pressure within one hour. Renal blood flow is increased; however, the GFR remains unchanged. When used with digitalis, captopril shows good efficacy in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Its use has been very favorable in patients who had previously suffered from myocardial infarction, or those with left ventricular dysfunction. In case of LVD and CHF or MI, the usual starting dose is 50 mg target dose. (Kaplan and Rose, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚     Captopril has shown to increase the risk of developing neutropenia and agranulocytosis and therefore, full blood picture is mandatory for patients using captopril for a prolonged period. Also, since mode of elimination from the body is through the kidneys, the use of captopril becomes contraindicated or at least under observation in cases of renal impairment or dysfunction. (Katzung, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enalapril is the second drug introduced in the ACE inhibitor series. The main reason for its production was to eliminate the problems seen with the use of captopril. As in captopril, the drug utilizes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Production of enalapril involved changing the molecular constitution of captopril, and therefore, the final result was the first dicarboxylate- containing ACE inhibitor, or enalaprilat. However, this modification limited the use of this drug as intravenous injection only. Further modifications in this structure led to the oral form by the name enalapril. (www.rxlist.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enalapril works by converting itself through hydrolysis into enalaprilat in the body. Enalaprilat then inhibits the ACE enzyme. The peak serum levels are reached within an hour of administration of the drug. As opposed to captopril, enalapril absorption is independent of gastric contents; rather it is dependant on the urinary recovery. In hypertensive patients, the dosage of enalapril results in both supine and standing but not orthostatic hypotension. This effect is not seen in case of captopril. The antihypertensive activity becomes visible within one hour of administration of the drug. This effect then remains for around 24 hours. Similar to captopril, enalapril shows improved hypertensive control when administered with a thiazide diuretic. it is also indicated for cases suffering from heart failure, and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. (Kaplan and Rose, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unlike captopril, which can be administered simultaneously with a preceding diuretic, enalapril can only be started after cessation of the diuretic after two to three days. This is essential to minimize the risk of developing hypotension. If this is not possible a test dose of 2.5 mg is given for at least two hours under observation, and the drug administered accordingly. The usual dosage regime may vary from 10 to 40 mg per day, and that is if the patient is not on a diuretic. Dose adjustment becomes necessary for patients who have impaired renal function, which may require reduction of the dose to almost half of the average 5 mg. this dosage is amenable to changes based on the blood pressure response seen. (www.rxlist.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enalapril is highly favored over captopril as it has lesser side effects than its predecessor. It has a well toleration response, and the adverse effects are very mild in nature. Patients may complain of fatigue, asthenia, diarrhea and nausea, headache and dizziness, cough and skin rash. These symptoms can be present with varying degrees according to the reason why the drug is being administered. For example in heart cases, it can also lead to syncope symptoms and some differences in the special sensory perceptions. Angioedema is perhaps the most serious side effect of enalapril, with severity seen more in blacks than in non-black populations. This can be very fatal should laryngeal angioedema ensue. Initial doses can lead to fall of blood pressure and hypotension, which must be monitored very closely. Hyperkalemia, increase in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinin levels, and decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin can also be seen. Liver enzymes can also become elevated. (Merck manual, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The effects of enalapril were much improved and effective with lesser side effects when compared to captopril, however, the speed of effect was still high in the case of captopril. The third drug to get introduced in the series of ACE inhibitors became lisinopril. The drug was important as it was the first hydrophilic ACE inhibitor introduces, with longer half life and penetration in the tissue. The drug remains the same even after excretion from the body, and is indicated for all the conditions mentioned above for which ACE inhibitors are introduced. While captopril and enalapril were made for bid and tid dosages, lisinopril, due to its longer half life, is generally administered once a day, helping aid patient compliance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mode of action is similar to its sister drugs, that is the drug acts by inhibiting the ACE enzyme. The peak serum concentration of this drug however, is reached after 7 hours, compared to one hour of both captopril and enalapril. When used for hypertension, it results in the reduction of both standing and supine hypertension, with â€Å"no compensatory tachycardia†(Rx list, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dosage of lisinopril is given according to the drug history of the patient. Patients with no use of diuretics are given 10 mg per day as initial dose. This can be increased from 20 to 40 mg as the case may need. In diuretic using patients, the protocol for the administration of lisinopril is the same as for enalapril. The diuretic is stopped two to three days prior to the administration of lisinopril, and observed for signs of hypotension. Dosage is then adjusted according to the body response of the patient. This drug should not be given along with any potassium supplements as it can lead to hyperkalemia. Renal status similarly, addresses the dosage of the drug, with 10 mg as standard for normal kidney function, 5 mg for moderate to severe renal impairment, and 2.5 mg or so for dialysis patients after proper observation and blood pressure response. (Klabubde, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Side effects of lisinopril are not so different from the side effects seen in the case of enalapril and captopril. However, cough becomes the primary side effect of this drug along with fatigue and asthenia etc. In all cases of ACE inhibitors, the side effects must be monitored closely and managed accordingly should the need arise. (ACE Inhibitors, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, the introduction of ACE inhibitors has been a welcome addition in the antihypertensive drug family and is now used widely due to its excellent prognosis in patients with concurrent heart conditions. Its use with thiazide diuretics has been widely documented and further studies will help in the introduction of much improved brands of ACE inhibitors. References ACE inhibitor drugs. Site last accessed on August 5, 2007 from www.rxlist.com ACE inhibitors, 2004. Site last accessed on August 5, 2007 from http://www.chfpatients.com/ace_old.htm Norman A Kaplan and Burton D Rose, 2007. ACE inhibitors in the Treatment of Hypertension. Site last accessed on August 5, 2007 from http://patients.uptodate.com/topic.asp?file=hyperten/10107#1 Richard E. Klabunde, 2007. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. Site last accessed on August 5, 2007 from http://cvpharmacology.com/vasodilator/ACE.htm Bertram G. Katzung, 2004. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, ninth edition. The Merck Manual of Medical Information. Second Home Edition. Section III, Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders.

Mystery Surrounding the Phoenix Lights: Evidence of UFO Sighting? :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Mystery Surrounding the Phoenix Lights: Evidence of UFO Sighting? Abstract    The events that occurred in Phoenix on March 13, 1997 still have the world at a loss. A triangle (boomerang) shaped craft with seven lights on the main body and one trailing behind the rest appeared over Phoenix. Some believe that they were just flares used by the military, but others think that it was definitely extraterrestrial. Much evidence has been found, but the mystery remains.    On March 13, 1997, an inexplicable phenomenon took place in the sky over Phoenix, Arizona. Thousands of people witnessed the occurrence, and a few dozen even caught it on camera. The event was so astonishing that the most world-renowned news source, CNN, broadcast it on national television. Disappearing, the mind-boggling event left thousands, or even millions, in disbelief at what they had just witnessed. What was it? The world may never know. The V-shaped object that appeared in the sky that night over Phoenix has left every UFO fanatic and scientist in awe. There is no real explanation for the bright lights that took the shape of a huge boomerang from 8:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. Many have tried to explain what no one can, but for every scenario, there is an equally crazy explanation that proves it to be false. To this day, there is still no explanation that is completely rock-solid and can explain this extremely odd occurrence. Have the inhabitants of Phoenix been the victim of a huge hoax, or have the people been witness to one of the most conclusive UFO sightings in history?    Witnesses There are many people throughout Arizona that say that they saw what is being called the Phoenix lights. Officials received calls and reports of the sighting from as far south as Tucson to the Northwestern reaches of Kingman. Dozens of people videotaped the action that was taking place, and a few even said that they saw the boomerang shaped UFO fly overhead before the sightings. News crews covered as many witnesses as they could find, trying to reveal some sort of clarity or explanation to what was seen to set every mind at ease. The most conclusive evidence of a UFO sighting came from a family that CNN interviewed and made their cover story. The Ley family says they saw the object fly overhead before any of the occurrences later that night. Tim Ley and his son said, "When it finally got here and we realized this thing was coming right over us, we really started getting antsy.